Notes

• Author: Amanda Sives
• Profession: Lecturer in Politics at the University of Liverpool
• Pages: 181-211

NOTES 181 181

181 181

181

Notes

Introduction

1. ‘Police Commissioner Lucius Thomas warns of violent election,’ Daily

Gleaner, January 3, 2007, p.1.

2. H.L. Neiburg, Political Violence (New York: St Martins Press, 1970), 11.

3. Mark Figueroa and Amanda Sives, ‘Homogenous voting, electoral

manipulation and the ‘Garrison’ process in Post-Independence Jamaica,’

Commonwealth and Comparative Politics 40:1 (2002), 85.

4. David Rapoport and Leonard Weinberg, (eds) The Democratic Experience

and Political Violence (London and Portland: Frank Cass, 2001).

5. Gad Heuman, Between Black and White. Race, Politics and Free Colored in

Jamaica, 1792-1865 (Oxford: Clio Press, 1981); Swithin Wilmot, ‘Race,

Electorial Violence and Constitutional Reform in Jamaica’, 1838-54,’

Journal of Caribbean History, 17 (1982).

6. Ted Honderich, Three Essays on Political Violence (Oxford: Basil Blackwell,

1976), 103.

7. Romain Bertrand, Jean-Loius Briquet and Peter Pels (eds) Cultures of

Voting. The Hidden History of the Secret Ballot (London: Hurst & Co,

2007).

8. Terry Lacey, Violence and Politics in Jamaica, 1960-1970. Internal Security

in a Developing Country, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1977

9. Basil Wilson, ‘Surplus Labour and Political Violence in Jamaica. The

Dialectics of Political Corruption, 1966-1976,’ PhD Diss, City University

of New York, 1980.

10. Horace Levy, They Cry Respect. Urban Violence and Poverty in Jamaica.

Kingston: University of the West Indies, 1996.

11. Caroline Moser and Jeremy Holland, Urban Poverty and Violence in Jamaica.

Washington D.C: World Bank, 1997.

12. Mark Figueroa, ‘Garrison communities in Jamaica, 1962-1993. Their growth

and impact on political culture.’ Paper presented at the Symposium in

Honour of Professor Carl Stone, ‘Grassroots Development and the State

of the Nation’, Unpublished paper, 1992.

13. Christopher Charles, ‘Political identity and criminal violence in Jamaica:

182182

182182

182 ELECTIONS, VIOLENCE AND THE DEMOCRATIC PROCESS IN JAMAICA

the garrison community of August Town and the 2002 Election,’ Social

and Economic Studies, 53: 7, 2004.

14. Aldrie Henry-Lee, ‘The nature of poverty in the garrison constituencies

in Jamaica,’ Environment and Urbanization, 17: 2, 2005.

15. Hume N. Johnson, ‘Incivility: the Politics of People on the Margins in

Jamaica,’ Political Studies 53: 3, 2005.

16. Anthony Harriott, Understanding Crime in Jamaica, Kingston: UWiPress,

2003. Bernard Headley, The Jamaican Crime Scene. A Perspective.

Mandeville: Eureka Press, 1994.

17. Mark Figueroa, Anthony Harriott and Nicola Satchell, ‘The Political

Economy of Jamaica’s InnerCity Violence: A Special Case’. Revision of

presentation by Mark Figueroa ‘Jamaica’s Inner-City Political Economy:

A Special Case?’ to ‘The Caribbean City, December 1-3, 2004, Leiden

University, The Netherlands.

18. Carl Stone, Democracy and Clientelism in Jamaica (London: Transactions

Publishers, 1980), 91.

19. Ibid., 97.

20. Ibid., 100.

21. Ibid., 100.

22. This is the same critique Obika Gray makes of Stone’s work.

22. Selwyn Ryan, Winner takes all: the Westminster experience in the Caribbean

(Trinidad and Tobago: Institute of Social and Economic Studies, University

of the West Indies, 1999), 40.

24. Obika Gray, Demeaned but Empowered. The Social Power of the Urban

Poor in Jamaica (Kingston: UWI Press, 2004), 3.

25. Ibid., 76.

26. Ibid., 129.

27. Ibid., 131.

28. Ibid., 37.

29. Ibid., 193.

30. Ibid., 330.

31. Peter Evans, Embedded Autonomy: States and Industrial Transformation

(New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1995), 45.

32. Gray, Demeaned but Empowered, 143.

33. Ibid., 136.

34. Herbert Kitschelt and Steven I. Wilkinson, Patrons, Clients and Policies.

Patterns of Democratic Accountability and Political Competition (Cambridge: